React Fiber is an ongoing reimplementation of React’s core algorithm. It is the culmination of over two years of research by the React team.
The goal of React Fiber is to increase its suitability for areas like animation, layout, and gestures. Its headline feature is incremental rendering: the ability to split rendering work into chunks and spread it out over multiple frames.
Source: acdlite/react-fiber-architecture: A description of React’s new core algorithm, React Fiber